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Rehovot

Coordinates: 31°53′49″N 34°49′00″E / 31.89694°N 34.81667°E / 31.89694; 34.81667
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"Rechovot" redirects here. For other uses, see Rehoboth.

Rehovot
רחובות
City
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Reḥovot
Official logo of Rehovot
Brandmark
Nickname: 
  • 'The city of science and culture'
Rehovot is located in Central Israel
Rehovot
Rehovot
Rehovot is located in Israel
Rehovot
Rehovot
Coordinates: 31°53′49″N 34°49′00″E / 31.89694°N 34.81667°E / 31.89694; 34.81667
Country Israel
DistrictCentral
Founded1890; 134 years ago (1890)
Government
 • MayorMatan Dil
Area
 • Total
23,041 dunams (23.041 km2 or 8.896 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
150,748
 • Density6,500/km2 (17,000/sq mi)
Ethnicity
[1]
 • Jews and others99.7%
 • Arabs0.3%
Time zoneUTC+2 (IST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (IDT)
Name meaningBroad Places[2]
Websitewww.rehovot.muni.il

Rehovot (Hebrew: רְחוֹבוֹת Reḥōvōt [ʁeχoˈvot] / [ʁeˈχovot]) is a city in the Central District of Israel, about 20 kilometers (12 miles) south of Tel Aviv. In 2022 it had a population of 150,748.[1]

Etymology

[edit]

Israel Belkind, founder of the Bilu movement, proposed the name "Rehovot" (lit. 'wide expanses') based on Genesis 26:22: "And he called the name of it Rehoboth; and he said: 'For now the Lord hath made room for us, and we shall be fruitful in the land'."[3] This Bible verse is also inscribed in the city's logo. The biblical town of Rehoboth was located in the Negev Desert.[4]

History

[edit]
Yaakov Street, Rehovot in 1893

Rehovot was established in 1890 by pioneers of the First Aliyah on the coastal plain near a site called Khirbat Deiran, an "abandoned or sparsely populated" estate,[5] which now lies in the center of the built-up area of the city.[6][7] According to Marom, Deiran offered "a convenient launching pad for early land purchase initiatives which shaped the pattern of Jewish settlement until the beginning of the British Mandate".[5]

Rehovot was founded as a moshava in 1890 by Polish Jewish immigrants who had come with the First Aliyah, seeking to establish a township which would not be under the influence of the Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, on land which was purchased from a Christian Arab by the Menuha Venahala society, an organization in Warsaw that raised funds for Jewish settlement in Eretz Israel.[3][8]

In March 1892, a dispute over pasture rights erupted between the residents of Rehovot and the neighboring village of Zarnuqa, which took two years to resolve. Another dispute broke out with the Suteriya Bedouin tribe, which had been cultivating some of the land as tenant farmers. According to Moshe Smilansky, one of the early settlers of Rehovot, the Bedouins had received compensation for the land, but refused to vacate it. In 1893, they attacked the moshava. Through the intervention of a respected Arab sheikh, a compromise was reached, with the Bedouins receiving an additional sum of money, which they used to dig a well.[9]

In 1890, the region was an uncultivated wasteland with no trees, houses or water.[10] The moshava's houses were initially built along two parallel streets: Yaakov Street and Benjamin Street, before later expanding, and vineyards, almond orchards and citrus groves were planted, but the inhabitants grappled with agricultural failures, plant diseases, and marketing problems.[citation needed]

Menucha and Nahala, the Warsaw committee that founded the city, Eliezer Kaplan on left in 1892

The first citrus grove was planted by Zalman Minkov in 1904. Minkov's grove, surrounded by a wall, included a guard house, stables, a packing plant, and an irrigation system in which groundwater was pumped from a large well in the inner courtyard. The well was 23 meters deep, the height of an eight-story building, and over six meters in diameter. The water was channeled via an aqueduct to an irrigation pool, and from there to a network of ditches dug around the bases of the trees.[11]

The Great Synagogue of Rehovot was established in 1903, during the First Aliyah period.[12]

In 1908, the Workman's Union (Hapoel Hazair) organized a group of 300 Yemenite immigrants then living in the region of Jerusalem and Jaffa, bringing them to work as farmers in the colonies of Rishon-le-Zion and Rehovot.[13] Only a few dozen Yemenite families had settled in Rehovot by 1908.[14] They built houses for themselves in a plot given to them at the south end of the town, which became known as Sha'araim.[14] In 1910, Shmuel Warshawsky, with the secret support of the JNF, was sent to Yemen to recruit more agricultural laborers.[14] Hundreds arrived starting in 1911 and were housed first in a compound one kilometre south of Rehovot and then in a large extension of the Sha'araim quarter.[14]

The second Zarnuqa incident took place in July 1913[15] between the colonists and guards of Rehovot, and the Arab rural population is considered by historians as a milestone in Zionist–Arab relations in late Ottoman Palestine. The incident started over simple accusation of theft of grapes from a Jewish-owned vineyard, became much more than a local incident, which left one Arab and two Jews dead and resulted in tremendous hostility between the two sides. There are various narratives available to researchers today, including Jewish, Arabic sources and external sources. It is difficult to determine whose narrative is closer to historical reality, or to find out who started the fight and who is to be blamed. This incident illustrates the difficult task facing historians in analyzing the late Ottoman Palestine, the period of the early Zionist–Arab encounter and conflict.[16] It is alleged that this was the moment when a previously peaceful co-existence among Jews and Arabs, united under the Ottoman Empire, instantly became an "us vs. them" divisiveness that has prevailed ever since.[17]

Main street of Rehovot in 1933

In February 1914, Rothschild visited Rehovot during the fourth of his five visits to the Land of Israel.[18] That year, Rehovot had a population of around 955.

British Mandate

[edit]

In 1920, the Rehovot Railway Station was opened, which greatly boosted the local citrus fruit industry. A few packing houses were built near the station to enable the fruit to be sent by railway to the rest of the country and to the port of Jaffa for export to Europe. According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Rehovot had a population of 1,242 inhabitants, consisting of 1,241 Jews and 1 Muslim,[19] increasing in 1931 census to 3,193 inhabitants, in 833 houses.[20] In 1924, the British Army contracted the Palestine Electric Company for wired electric power. The contract allowed the Electric Company to extend the grid beyond the original geographical limits that had been projected by the concession it was given. The high-tension line that exceeded the limits of the original concession ran along some major towns and agricultural settlements, offering extended connections to the Jewish towns of Rishon Le-Zion, Ness Ziona and Rehovot (in spite of their proximity to the high-tension line, the Arab towns of Ramla and Lod remained unconnected).[21]

In 1931, the first workers moshav, Kfar Marmorek, was built on lands which were acquired from the village of Zarnuqa by the Jewish National Fund in 1926, and ten Yemenite Jewish families which were evicted from Kinneret were resettled on the land in 1931. Later, they were joined by thirty-five other families from Sha'araim. Today, they are both suburbs of Rehovot.[22]

The agricultural research station that opened in Rehovot in 1932 became the Department of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1933, a juice factory was built. In 1934, Chaim Weizmann established the Sieff Institute, which later became the Weizmann Institute of Science. In 1937, Weizmann built his home on the land purchased adjacent to the Sieff Institute. The house later served as the presidential residence after Weizmann became president in 1948. Weizmann and his wife are buried on the grounds of the institute.

In 1945, Rehovot had a population of 10,020, and in 1948, it had grown to 12,500. The suburb of Rehovot, Kefar Marmorek, had a population of 500 Jews in 1948.[23]

State of Israel

[edit]
The Department of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Rehovot in 2008

On 29 February 1948, the Lehi blew up the Cairo to Haifa train shortly after it left Rehovot, killing 29 British soldiers and injuring 35. Lehi said the bombing was in retaliation for the Ben Yehuda Street bombing a week earlier. The Scotsman reported that both Weizmann's home and the Agricultural Institute were damaged in the explosion, although the site was 1–2 miles [1.6–3.2 km] away. On 28 March 1948, Arabs attacked a Jewish convoy near Rehovot.[24] In 1950, Rehovot, which had a population of about 18,000, was declared a city.

Rehovot Police Station

In the immediate years following the establishment of Israel, the Zarnuqa ma'abara (now named Kiryat Moshe) was established on the Southern side of Rehovot to house Jewish refugees from Eastern Europe and Arab lands.[25] On the Southwest, the neighborhood of Kfar Gevirol (now named Ibn Gevirol, named after Solomon ibn Gabirol, 11th Century Sephardi Jewish Philosopher) was founded on lands of the depopulated Palestinian village of Al-Qubayba.[26] Over the years, Kiryat Moshe expanded over the lands of the depopulated Palestinian village of Zarnuqa. The mosque of the village, while abandoned, still stands.[27] On the Southeast the neighborhood of Ramat Aharon were established. The city has since then expanded in all directions, geographically surrounding but not including the Kibbutz of Kvutzat Shiller and the Moshav of Gibton.

Demographics

[edit]
Rehovot
YearPop.±%
1914955—    
19221,242[19]+30.1%
19313,193[28]+157.1%
194812,500+291.5%
195526,000+108.0%
196129,000+11.5%
197239,300+35.5%
198367,900+72.8%
199585,200+25.5%
2008111,100+30.4%
20151132,700+19.4%
2019143,904+8.4%
2022152,084+5.7%
Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics
1 end of year estimate

Between 1914 and 1991, the town's population rose from 955 to 81,000, and its area more than doubled. Parts of Rehovot's suburbs are built on land that belonged to the village of Zarnuqa before 1948, population 2,620, including 240 Jews in Gibton.[29] In 1995, there were 337,800 people living in the greater Rehovot area. As of 2007, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.8% Jewish. There were 49,600 males and 52,300 females, of whom 31.6% were 19 years of age or younger, 16.1% between the ages of 20 and 29, 18.2% between 30 and 44, 18.2% from 45 to 59, 3.5% from 60 to 64, and 12.3% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate was 1.8%.[30]

In Rehovot, there are mainly Russian Jews, Yemenite Jews, and Ethiopian Jews, concentrated largely in the Kiryat Moshe and Oshiot areas. There is a growing community of religious Anglo-speaking people who primarily live in Northern Rehovot around the Weizmann Institute of Science.

According to the 2019 census, the population of Rehovot was counted to be 143,904, of which 143,536 people, comprising 99.7% of the city's population were classified as "Jews and Others", and 368 people, comprising 0.3% as "Arab".[1]

Education and culture

[edit]

The city is home to the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and the Peres Academic Center College. There are also several smaller colleges in Rehovot that provide specialized and technical training. Kaplan Medical Center acts as an ancillary teaching hospital for the Medical School of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Central synagogue, Rehovot

The Minkov Orchard Museum was established in Rehovot with the assistance of the Swiss descendants of Zalma Minkov, whose husband planted the city's first citrus grove.[11]

Rehovot is also home to the annual Rehovot International Live Statues Festival which includes many international participants.[31]

Economy

[edit]

As of 2004, there were 41,323 salaried workers and 2,683 self-employed. The mean monthly wage for a salaried worker was ILS 6,732, a real change of −5.2% over the course of the previous year. Salaried males had a mean monthly wage of ILS 8,786 (a real change of −4.8%) versus ILS 4,791 for females (a real change of −5.3%). The mean income for the self-employed was 6,806. There were 1,082 people receiving unemployment benefits and 6,627 people receiving an income guarantee.[30] In 2013, Rehovot had the highest average net monthly income among households in Israel, at NIS 16,800.[32]

Rehovot is home to numerous industrial plants, and has an industrial park in the western part of the city. Among them are the Tnuva dairy plant, the Yafora-Tavori beverage factory, and the Feldman ice cream factory.

Aerial view of Kaplan Medical Center in Rehovot

The Tamar Science Park, established in 2000, is a high-tech park of 1,000 dunams (1.0 km2) at the northern entrance of the city.[33] The Tamar Science Park adjoins the older Kiryat Weizmann industrial park. Although the entire extended science park is largely conceived as an area of Rehovot, the Kiryat Weizmann part is actually under the municipal boundaries of neighbouring Ness Ziona. Tamar Science Park is home to branches of leading hi-tech like Stratasys, Imperva, Applied Materials, El-Op and bio-tech companies like Aleph Farms.

Sports

[edit]

During the 1980s, some local swimmers excelled, thanks to the local Weissgal Center Water Park.

Football

[edit]

Rehovot has had three clubs representing it the top division of Israeli football: Maccabi Rehovot between 1949 and 1956, Maccabi Sha'arayim between 1963 and 1969 and again in 1985, and Hapoel Marmorek in the 1972–73 season. It also has club Bnei Yeechalal which plays at Liga Bet South B.

Today Maccabi Sha'arayim and Marmorek play in Liga Alef South, the third level; Maccabi Rehovot and Bnei Yeechalal play in Liga Gimel, the fifth and lowest division.

List of Rehovot men's football clubs playing at state level and above for the 2023–24 season:

Club Founded League Level Home Ground Capacity
Maccabi Rehovot 1912 Liga Gimel Central 5 Kiryat Moshe 500
Hapoel Marmorek 1949 Liga Alef South 3 Itztoni Stadium 800
Maccabi Sha'arayim 1950 Liga Alef South 3 Maccabi Sha'araim Stadium 500
Bnei Yeechalal 2007 Liga Gimel Central 5 Kiryat Moshe 500

Basketball

[edit]

Rehovot has one basketball club Maccabi Rehovot B.C. The team plays in the Liga Leumit.

Handball

[edit]

Rehovot has one handball club Maccabi Rehovot. The team plays in the Ligat Ha'Al.

Transportation

[edit]

Public transportation

[edit]
Rehovot railway station

Rehovot railway station is a suburban commuter railway station serving the city. It is a historic station that was abandoned in 1948 and reopened in 1990 with a suburban service to Tel Aviv, which is important because many Rehovot residents work in Tel Aviv. More reconstruction work began in 2000, which included the two new passenger terminals, a pedestrian tunnel under the railway, a bus terminal and two large parking lots. The station is situated on the Tel Aviv suburban line (Binyamina/Netanya – Tel Aviv – Rehovot/Ashkelon Suburban Service). All trains in this service stop at Rehovot, and some trains terminate at the station. This line connects the city to Tel Aviv via Lod.

The city will be served by 5 Metro Stations along one of the Southern Branches of Line M1 as part of the Tel Aviv Metro Project. This line will connect the city to Tel Aviv via Holon.

The city is served internally and connected to other cities by bus routes operated by Egged Bus Company.

Roads

[edit]
Rehovot's winter pond

Rehovot is located between Highway 40 and Highway 42. Highway 40 connects the city to Kiryat Gat and Beersheva in the South, while Highway 42 connects it to Ashdod. Highway 40 connects the city to Lod-Ramla to the North, also providing connection to Ben Gurion Airport, and bypassing Metro Tel Aviv along the eastern edge, whereas Highway 42 connects the city to Rishon LeZion and the urban centre of Metro Tel Aviv.

Rehovot also has access to the east–west Motorway 431, connecting the city to Modi'in as well as to Jerusalem on the East.

Route 412 (Weizmann Street) is a regional road that goes through the city centre in a Northwest-Southeast Direction, and connects it to neighbouring Ness Ziona.

Mayors

[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel

Rehovot is twinned with:

[edit]
  • Map of Rehovot in 1897
    Map of Rehovot in 1897
  • Rehovot 1945 1:250,000
    Rehovot 1945 1:250,000
  • Rehovot 1948 1:20,000
    Rehovot 1948 1:20,000
  • Particle accelerator at the Weizmann Institute of Science
    Particle accelerator at the Weizmann Institute of Science
  • The "Millionaires' Houses" street in Rehovot
    The "Millionaires' Houses" street in Rehovot
  • The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
    The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment (of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem)
  • Rehovot Library
    Rehovot Library
  • Beit Yad LeBanim in Rehovot
    Beit Yad LeBanim in Rehovot
  • Rehovot's old winery
    Rehovot's old winery
  • The Ayalon Institute in Rehovot
    The Ayalon Institute in Rehovot
  • Tel Shalaf (Eltekeh) biblical city remains in Rehovot[43]
    Tel Shalaf (Eltekeh) biblical city remains in Rehovot[43]
  • Yemenite-Jewish Heritage Center in Rehovot
    Yemenite-Jewish Heritage Center in Rehovot
  • Gate to the Minkov Orchard in Rehovot
    Gate to the Minkov Orchard in Rehovot
  • Rehovot mall, municipality, and the cinema complex
    Rehovot mall, municipality, and the cinema complex
  • Weizmann House
    Weizmann House

Notable people

[edit]

For more information see: Category:People from Rehovot

Aki Avni
Oscar Gloukh
Tzipi Hotovely
Chaim Weizmann
Ada Yonath

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  2. ^ From Genesis 26:22. Word stems from raḥav (רחב), meaning "broad" in Hebrew.
  3. ^ a b Joanna Paraszczuk (12 March 2010). "Rehovot keeps an eye on the past as it looks to the future". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  4. ^ "The Jewish Agency". The Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  5. ^ a b Marom, Roy (1 November 2022). "Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE". Lod, Lydda, Diospolis. 1: 26.
  6. ^ M. Fischer; I. Taxel; D. Amit (2008). "Rural settlement in the vicinity of Yavneh in the Byzantine period: A religio-archaeological perspective". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 350 (350): 7–35. doi:10.1086/BASOR25609264. S2CID 163487105.
  7. ^ Marom, Roy (9 June 2021). "The Abu Hameds of Mulabbis: an oral history of a Palestinian village depopulated in the Late Ottoman period". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 50: 87–106. doi:10.1080/13530194.2021.1934817. ISSN 1353-0194. S2CID 236222143.
  8. ^ O. Efraim; S. Gilboa (2007). "Reḥovot". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
  9. ^ Aryeh L. Avneri (1982). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3621-0. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  10. ^ Aryeh L. Avneri (1982). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-3621-0. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  11. ^ a b Ronit Vered (6 March 2008). "Pure Gold". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  12. ^ Religious Renewal, Haaretz, 22 November 2019
  13. ^ Joshua Feldman, The Yemenite Jews, London 1913, p. 23
  14. ^ a b c d Zvi Shilony (1998). Ideology and Settlement; the Jewish National Fund, 1897–1914. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. pp. 303–307.
  15. ^ "תקרית זרונגה (השנייה) והמשפט". עיריית רחובות-ארכיון (in Hebrew). Retrieved 19 March 2024.
  16. ^ Ben-Bassat, Yuval; Alroey, Gur (2 September 2016). "The Zionist–Arab incident of Zarnuqa 1913: a chronicle and several methodological remarks". Middle Eastern Studies. 52 (5): 787–803. doi:10.1080/00263206.2016.1177790. ISSN 0026-3206.
  17. ^ Loeterman, Ben (2014). Clark, Rachel (ed.). 1913: Seeds of Conflict. Arlington, Virginia: PBS.
  18. ^ Ofer Aderet (9 February 2014). "Rothschild urged Zionists: Work hard, get along with Arab neighbors". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  19. ^ a b "Palestine Census ( 1922)" – via Internet Archive.
  20. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 23
  21. ^ Shamir, Ronen (2013). Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford University Press.
  22. ^ Yalqut Teiman, Yosef Tobi and Shalom Seri (editors), Tel-Aviv 2000, p. 130, s.v. כפר מרמורק (Hebrew) ISBN 978-965-7121-03-0
  23. ^ Jardine, R.F.; McArthur Davies, B.A. (1948). A Gazetteer of the Place Names which appear in the small-scale Maps of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine. p. 49. OCLC 610327173.
  24. ^ Martin (2005). Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-35901-6.
  25. ^ Belcove-Shalin, 1995, p. 75
  26. ^ Zochrot, Al-Qubayba, Ramle Link
  27. ^ Zochrot, Zarnuqa Link
  28. ^ 1931 census of Palestine Archived 9 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, p. 23
  29. ^ Walid Khalidi (editor). All that Remains: Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948. IPS, Washington. 1992. p. 425. ISBN 978-0-88728-224-9.
  30. ^ a b According to Israel Central Bureau of Statistics data [1] Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (in Hebrew)
  31. ^ Constantinoiu, Marina (9 July 2019). "They're alive! Live statues festival awes in Rehovot". ISRAEL21c. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
  32. ^ "Rehovot is richest Israeli city, Bnei Brak poorest - Globes". en.globes.co.il. 12 November 2013. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  33. ^ Lior Dattel; Erez Sherwinter (18 August 2008). "The 'science city' is not sparkling". Retrieved 29 March 2014.
  34. ^ "Ultra-Orthodox retake Beit Shemesh, former Haifa mayor Yona Yahav returns to office". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  35. ^ "הסיבוב השני ברחובות: מתן דיל נבחר לראשות העיר". www.maariv.co.il (in Hebrew). 11 March 2024. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  36. ^ "Albuquerque Sister Cities". cabq.gov. City of Albuquerque. Archived from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  37. ^ "Orașe înfrățite". primariabistrita.ro (in Romanian). Bistrița. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  38. ^ "Jumelages et coopérations". grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  39. ^ "Partnerstädte". heidelberg.de (in German). Heidelberg. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  40. ^ "Indice Digesto Municipal: Relaciones Internacionales". parana.gob.ar (in Spanish). Paraná. 2 September 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2020.[permanent dead link‍]
  41. ^ "Rochester Sister Cities". rochestersistercities.org. International Sister Cities of Rochester. Archived from the original on 25 February 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  42. ^ "Партнерски градови (Main Page)". valjevo.rs (in Serbian). Valjevo. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 25 February 2020.
  43. ^ "תל שלף".
  44. ^ "Glickstein, Shlomo". Jews in Sports. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  45. ^ "Israel's fourth president Ephraim Katzir dies at 93: World renowned biophysicist and Israel Prize laureate dies at his Rehovot home". Haaretz. Associated Press. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  46. ^ "Knesset Members: Shmuel Rechtman". The Knesset. 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  47. ^ "Knesset Members: David Tal". The Knesset. 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  48. ^ "Zionist Leaders: Chaim Weizmann, 1874–1952". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 11 October 1999. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
  49. ^ "Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V." Archived from the original on 18 April 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
[edit]
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